Normal and malignant cells shed from their surface membranes as well as secrete from the endosomal membrane compartment circular membrane fragments called microvesicles (MV). MV that are released from viable cells are usually smaller in size compared to the apoptotic bodies derived from damaged cells and unlike them do not contain fragmented DNA. Growing experimental evidence indicates that MV are an underappreciated component of the cell environment and play an important pleiotropic role in many biological processes. Generally, MV are enriched in various bioactive molecules and may (i) directly stimulate cells as a kind of 'signaling complex', (ii) transfer membrane receptors, proteins, mRNA and organelles (e.g., mitochondria) between cells and finally (iii) deliver infectious agents into cells (e.g., human immuno deficiency virus, prions). In this review, we discuss the pleiotropic effects of MV that are important for communication between cells, as well as the role of MV in carcinogenesis, coagulation, immune responses and modulation of susceptibility/infectability of cells to retroviruses or prions.
Interaction of microbes with their environment depends on features of the dynamic microbial surface throughout cell growth and division. Surface modifications, whether used to acquire nutrients, defend against other microbes, or resist the pressures of a host immune system, facilitate adaptation to unique surroundings. The release of bioactive membrane vesicles (MVs) from the cell surface is conserved across microbial life, in bacteria, archaea, fungi, and parasites. MV production occurs not only in vitro but also in vivo during infection, underscoring the influence of these surface organelles in microbial physiology and pathogenesis through delivery of enzymes, toxins, communication signals, and antigens recognized by the innate and adaptive immune systems. Derived from a variety of organisms that span kingdoms of life and called by several names (membrane vesicles, outer membrane vesicles [OMVs], exosomes, shedding microvesicles, etc.), the conserved functions and mechanistic strategies of MV release are similar, including the use of ESCRT proteins and ESCRT protein homologues to facilitate these processes in archaea and eukaryotic microbes. Although forms of MV release by different organisms share similar visual, mechanistic, and functional features, there has been little comparison across microbial life. This underappreciated conservation of vesicle release, and the resulting functional impact throughout the tree of life, explored in this review, stresses the importance of vesicle-mediated processes throughout biology.
underappreciated
"If broadly reflective, these findings begin to fill information gaps about the labor market, including an underappreciated reason for the many unfilled jobs and the declining labor participation rate since the emergence of the pandemic," according to the report.
One of my favorite offseason tasks is to scour every NFL roster and identify the most underappreciated player on each team using my context-based models. In the fast-paced NFL season, it's easy to focus on superstars or skill-position players who help us win in fantasy football, but one of the most useful applications of analytics is to view every game from the previous campaign through the lens of a total-contribution metric, to see where teams earned an edge that perhaps didn't get as much attention as it should have during the season.
After making those calculations, I factored in each player's salary by position (contract data via Over The Cap) to add some context around who was being "underappreciated." I always try to give priority to players who do not switch teams this offseason (since it's harder to be underappreciated by a team you haven't played for yet), but this season that was significantly harder due to tons of free agent movement. (As for players on rookie contracts, while those are restricted by draft slot and will thus inherently rank lower than many veterans who have had a chance to negotiate a new deal, that doesn't mean they should be disqualified from consideration, given that they can still seriously outperform their compensation.) Then I weighted players drafted in Round 2 or later who have been to no more than two Pro Bowls. That said, the most critical component to this method is contribution metric.
Abstract. Despite a large body of literature on microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine sediments and saline waters and its importance to the global methane (CH4) cycle, until recently little work has addressed the potential occurrence and importance of AOM in non-marine systems. This is particularly true for peatlands, which represent both a massive sink for atmospheric CO2 and a significant source of atmospheric CH4. Our knowledge of this process in peatlands is inherently limited by the methods used to study CH4 dynamics in soil and sediment and the assumption that there are no anaerobic sinks for CH4 in these systems. Studies suggest that AOM is CH4-limited and difficult to detect in potential CH4 production assays against a background of CH4 production. In situ rates also might be elusive due to background rates of aerobic CH4 oxidation and the difficulty in separating net and gross process rates. Conclusive evidence for the electron acceptor in this process has not been presented. Nitrate and sulfate are both plausible and favorable electron acceptors, as seen in other systems, but there exist theoretical issues related to the availability of these ions in peatlands and only circumstantial evidence suggests that these pathways are important. Iron cycling is important in many wetland systems, but recent evidence does not support the notion of CH4 oxidation via dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction or a CH4 oxidizing archaea in consortium with an Fe(III) reducer. Calculations based on published rates demonstrate that AOM might be a significant and underappreciated constraint on the global CH4 cycle, although much about the process is unknown, in vitro rates may not relate well to in situ rates, and projections based on those rates are fraught with uncertainty. We suggest electron transfer mechanisms, C flow and pathways, and quantifying in situ peatland AOM rates as the highest priority topics for future research.
Are these players treated unfairly around the NFL? Regardless of the criticism, these players continue to perform week-in and week-out and play a massive role in leading their teams to victories. Let's go around the AFC to find that one player for each team that is underappreciated or undervalued around the league.
Having back-to-back seasons with 1,000 yards with the Texans is an accomplishment for Cooks, who is one of the more underappreciated wideouts in the game. Playing for four different teams in his eight seasons shouldn't diminish Cooks' value.
Widely regarded as the best slot cornerback in the game, it feels Kenny Moore's value was underappreciated outside of Indianapolis until last season. Moore earned his first Pro Bowl nod after having 13 passes defensed and four interceptions, as opposing quarterbacks targeting him had a 72.5 passer rating when he was the primary defender -- good for a slot cornerback. He also notched a career-high 102 tackles -- which led all cornerbacks.
The only tackle to make the Pro Bowl in each of the past three seasons, Orlando Brown's value as one of the game's top tackles is underappreciated. Brown allowed just four sacks and 37 pressures in his first season with the Chiefs, allowing zero sacks and just seven pressures over his last five regular season games.
So, this week at The Thirty, we take a look at every team's most underappreciated player, the guy who's having an excellent year that many people probably haven't noticed. Your team's fans have seen it and know what he means, but the rest of the baseball world might not have caught on yet. Maybe this will help.
Dodgers: Evan Phillips, RHPHow do you possibly pick an underappreciated player on this team? When in doubt, go with the knockout reliever who hardly ever gets saves.
A new USC study finds many workers across various job sectors feel underappreciated, especially by their bosses, and roughly half of employees say they are thanked less than once per week by their supervisors.
But among NFL executives and coaches, his impact on the field is wholly respected. ESPN.com's Jeremy Fowler polled league executives and coaches to put together the league's 10 most underappreciated players and Milano made the list.
Many workers in the United States feel overworked, underappreciated, and increasingly burned out. Nearly 40 percent of workers report that their job causes them stress, and 25 percent of workers say their job as the prime stressor in their lives. According to the American Institute of Stress, 75 percent of employees believe that their workforce generation has more job-related stress than previous ones. However, what is the root of this pervasive problem, and how can we combat it? 2ff7e9595c
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